Quantum Algorithm Implementations for Beginners

As quantum computers become available to the general public, the need has arisen to train a cohort of quantum programmers, many of whom have been developing classical computer programs for most of their careers. While currently available quantum computers have less than 100 qubits, quantum computing hardware is widely expected to grow in terms of qubit count, quality, and connectivity. This review aims to explain the principles of quantum programming, which are quite different from classical programming, with straightforward algebra that makes understanding of the underlying fascinating quantum mechanical principles optional. We give an introduction to quantum computing algorithms and their implementation on real quantum hardware. We survey 20 different quantum algorithms, attempting to describe each in a succinct and self-contained fashion. We show how these algorithms can be implemented on IBM's quantum computer, and in each case, we discuss the results of the implementation with respect to differences between the simulator and the actual hardware runs. This article introduces computer scientists, physicists, and engineers to quantum algorithms and provides a blueprint for their implementations

Relative Efficacy of AS03-Adjuvanted Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine in Children: Results of a Controlled, Randomized Efficacy Trial

Background. the vaccine efficacy (VE) of 1 or 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine relative to that of 2 doses of nonadjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine in children 6 months to <10 years of age in a multinational study conducted during 2010-2011.Methods. A total of 6145 children were randomly assigned at a ratio of 1: 1: 1 to receive 2 injections 21 days apart of A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-AS03 vaccine at dose 1 and saline placebo at dose 2, 2 doses 21 days apart of A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-AS03 vaccine (the Ad2 group), or 2 doses 21 days apart of nonadjuvanted A/California/7/2009(H1N1) vaccine (the NAd2 group). Active surveillance for influenza-like illnesses continued from days 14 to 385. Nose and throat samples obtained during influenza-like illnesses were tested for A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety were assessed.Results. There were 23 cases of confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection for the primary relative VE analysis. the VE in the Ad2 group relative to that in the NAd2 group was 76.8% (95% confidence interval, 18.5%-93.4%). the benefit of the AS03 adjuvant was demonstrated in terms of the greater immunogenicity observed in the Ad2 group, compared with the NAd2 group.Conclusion. the 4-8-fold antigen-sparing adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine demonstrated superior and clinically important prevention of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, with no observed increase in medically attended or serious adverse events. These data support the use of adjuvanted influenza vaccines during influenza pandemics.GlaxoSmithKline BiologicalsUniv Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Carlton, Vic 3010, AustraliaUniv Melbourne, Melbourne Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Carlton, Vic 3010, AustraliaGlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, King of Prussia, PA USANovavax, Rockville, MD USAMary Chiles Gen Hosp, Dept Pediat, Manila, PhilippinesDe La Salle Hlth Sci Inst, Dept Pediat, Dasmarinas City, PhilippinesRes Inst Trop Med, Dept Hlth, Muntinlupa, PhilippinesUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilFac Ciencias Med Santa Casa São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilAssoc Fundo Incent Pesquisa, São Paulo, BrazilInst Costarricense Invest Clin, San Jose, Costa RicaNatl Inst Publ Hlth Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoUniv Autonoma Nuevo Leon, Serv Med, Monterrey, MexicoInst Nacl Pediat Mexico, Mexico City, DF, MexicoHosp Gen Durango, Durango, MexicoPhramongkutklao Hosp, Infect Dis Unit, Dept Pediat, Bangkok, ThailandKhon Kaen Univ, Dept Pediat, Fac Med, Khon Kaen, ThailandNatl Healthcare Grp Polyclin, Singapore, SingaporeCtr Estudios Infect Pediat, Cali, ColombiaGlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, BelgiumGlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart, BelgiumUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

"Mobile host" wireless sensor networks : a new sensor network paradigm for structural health monitoring applications

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications can provide the data collection necessary for rapid structural assessment after an event such as a natural disaster puts the reliability of civil infrastructure in question. Unfortunately, there are many technical challenges associated with employing such a WSN in civil infrastructure for operation over multiple decades with maintenance costs low enough to justify the integration of such a WSN into a given structure. The technical challenges include ensuring power is maintained at the sensor nodes, reducing installation and maintenance costs, and automating the collection and analysis of data provided by a wireless sensor network. In this work a new WSN paradigm to address these challenges is presented. The new WSN paradigm is called the "mobile host" WSN. In a mobile host WSN, the sensor nodes are placed on the structure with no internal electrical power source. Instead the node is equipped with hardware to collect energy delivered to it wirelessly by a mobile host on an as-needed basis in order to perform its intended data acquisition and interrogation functions. When an event of interest occurs which might compromise the integrity of the structure, the sensor nodes capture relevant data from the event. In order to collect the data captured by the sensor network, a "mobile host" is sent to each sensor node and wirelessly charges it up. Once the sensor node is fully charged, it turns on and transmits its data wirelessly to the mobile host. The mobile host receives and stores the data and then implements appropriate structural health monitoring (SHM) data interrogation algorithms. If deemed necessary the mobile host then proceeds to interrogate other sensor nodes of interest on the structure. In this way a remote system is presented that can then be used to make a health assessment of the structure. This dissertation addresses the research challenges encountered when implementing a mobile host Won. A sensor node (THINNER) capable of collecting data tirelessly in the absence of electrical power was developed. A peak displacement and bolted joint p reload sensor capable of interfacing with the THINNER sensor node were designed and implemented. A wireless energy delivery package capable of being carried by an airborne mobile host was developed. Lastly, the system engineering required to implement the overall sensor network was carried out. The culmination of this work resulted in the first field demonstration of a mobile host wireless sensor network. The field demonstration took place on an out-of-service, full-scale bridge near Truth- or-Consequences, New Mexic

"Mobile host" wireless sensor networks : a new sensor network paradigm for structural health monitoring applications

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications can provide the data collection necessary for rapid structural assessment after an event such as a natural disaster puts the reliability of civil infrastructure in question. Unfortunately, there are many technical challenges associated with employing such a WSN in civil infrastructure for operation over multiple decades with maintenance costs low enough to justify the integration of such a WSN into a given structure. The technical challenges include ensuring power is maintained at the sensor nodes, reducing installation and maintenance costs, and automating the collection and analysis of data provided by a wireless sensor network. In this work a new WSN paradigm to address these challenges is presented. The new WSN paradigm is called the "mobile host" WSN. In a mobile host WSN, the sensor nodes are placed on the structure with no internal electrical power source. Instead the node is equipped with hardware to collect energy delivered to it wirelessly by a mobile host on an as-needed basis in order to perform its intended data acquisition and interrogation functions. When an event of interest occurs which might compromise the integrity of the structure, the sensor nodes capture relevant data from the event. In order to collect the data captured by the sensor network, a "mobile host" is sent to each sensor node and wirelessly charges it up. Once the sensor node is fully charged, it turns on and transmits its data wirelessly to the mobile host. The mobile host receives and stores the data and then implements appropriate structural health monitoring (SHM) data interrogation algorithms. If deemed necessary the mobile host then proceeds to interrogate other sensor nodes of interest on the structure. In this way a remote system is presented that can then be used to make a health assessment of the structure. This dissertation addresses the research challenges encountered when implementing a mobile host Won. A sensor node (THINNER) capable of collecting data tirelessly in the absence of electrical power was developed. A peak displacement and bolted joint p reload sensor capable of interfacing with the THINNER sensor node were designed and implemented. A wireless energy delivery package capable of being carried by an airborne mobile host was developed. Lastly, the system engineering required to implement the overall sensor network was carried out. The culmination of this work resulted in the first field demonstration of a mobile host wireless sensor network. The field demonstration took place on an out-of-service, full-scale bridge near Truth- or-Consequences, New Mexic

Design and Implementation of a Connection between Augmented Reality and Sensors

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are used by engineers to record the behavior of structures. The sensors provide data to be used by engineers to make informed choices and prioritize decisions concerning maintenance procedures, required repairs, and potential infrastructure replacements. However, reliable data collection in the field remains a challenge. The information obtained by the sensors in the field frequently needs further processing, either at the decision-making headquarters or in the office. Although WSN allows data collection and analysis, there is often a gap between WSN data analysis results and the way decisions are made in industry. The industry depends on inspectors&rsquo; decisions, so it is of vital necessity to improve the inspectors&rsquo; access in the field to data collected from sensors. This paper presents the results of an experiment that shows the way Augmented Reality (AR) may improve the availability of WSN data to inspectors. AR is a tool which overlays the known attributes of an object with the corresponding position on the headset screen. In this way, it allows the integration of reality with a virtual representation provided by a computer in real time. These additional synthetic overlays supply data that may be unavailable otherwise, but it may also display additional contextual information. The experiment reported in this paper involves the application of a smart Strain Gauge Platform, which automatically measures strain for different applications, using a wireless sensor. In this experiment, an AR headset was used to improve actionable data visualization. The results of the reported experiment indicate that since the AR headset makes it possible to visualize information collected from the sensors in a graphic form in real time, it enables automatic, effective, reliable, and instant communication from a smart low-cost sensor strain gauge to a database. Moreover, it allows inspectors to observe augmented data and compare it across time and space, which then leads to appropriate prioritization of infrastructure management decisions based on accurate observations

Measuring Transverse Displacements Using Unmanned Aerial Systems Laser Doppler Vibrometer (UAS-LDV): Development and Field Validation

Measurement of bridge displacements is important for ensuring the safe operation of railway bridges. Traditionally, contact sensors such as Linear Variable Displacement Transducers (LVDT) and accelerometers have been used to measure the displacement of the railway bridges. However, these sensors need significant effort in installation and maintenance. Therefore, railroad management agencies are interested in new means to measure bridge displacements. This research focuses on mounting Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) to enable contact-free transverse dynamic displacement of railroad bridges. Researchers conducted three field tests by flying the Unmanned Aerial Systems Laser Doppler Vibrometer (UAS-LDV) 1.5 m away from the ground and measured the displacement of a moving target at various distances. The accuracy of the UAS-LDV measurements was compared to the Linear Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT) measurements. The results of the three field tests showed that the proposed system could measure non-contact, reference-free dynamic displacement with an average peak and root mean square (RMS) error for the three experiments of 10% and 8% compared to LVDT, respectively. Such errors are acceptable for field measurements in railroads, as the interest prior to bridge monitoring implementation of a new approach is to demonstrate similar success for different flights, as reported in the three results. This study also identified barriers for industrial adoption of this technology and proposed operational development practices for both technical and cost-effective implementation

The State of the California Current, 1996-1997: Mixed Signals from the Tropics

Schwing et al.: The California Current, 1996-1997, CalCOFI Rep., Vol. 38, 1997A large number of data sets from within the California Current region, and the large-scale fields that affect this region, are available for timely assessment of recent environmental conditions in this system. In addition to the long-running quarterly CalCOFI cruises, which featured the initial research cruise of RV Roger Revelle, several surveys off Baja California and central California have provided information on coastal areas adjacent to the present CalCOFI coverage. Conditions throughout the north Pacific and in the California Current are summarized and interpreted for the 1996-97 period